by Danielle Schermerhorn | Oct 30, 2024 | Blog, Medicine
What is Kennel Cough?
Kennel cough, also known as infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious respiratory disease in dogs characterized by a persistent cough. The term “tracheobronchitis” refers to the inflammation of the trachea (windpipe) and the bronchial tubes. The disease is caused by a variety of viruses and bacteria, including adenovirus type-2, parainfluenza virus, canine coronavirus, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The name “kennel cough” originates from the frequent outbreaks in places where dogs are housed together, such as kennels, making the infection easily transmissible.
Clinical Signs of Kennel Cough
The clinical signs of kennel cough can vary but typically include a loud, persistent cough often described as a ‘goose honk’. Other symptoms may include runny eyes and nose, swollen tonsils, wheezing, loss of appetite, and lethargy. Dogs with this condition often cough when their throat is rubbed or after exercise​.
How Dogs Contract Kennel Cough
Kennel cough is highly contagious and spreads through casual contact between dogs, such as sniffing, playing, or sharing water bowls. Factors that increase the likelihood of contracting the infection include stress, cold temperatures, exposure to dust or smoke, and crowded living conditions​.
Treatment for Kennel Cough
Treatment for kennel cough largely depends on the severity and the specific pathogens involved. Viral infections typically do not have specific treatments, but antibiotics like doxycycline and amoxicillin can help manage bacterial infections caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. In some cases, prolonged treatment may be necessary, but most infections resolve within one to three weeks. Cough suppressants and anti-inflammatory medications can also provide relief​​.
Preventing Kennel Cough
Vaccination is a key preventive measure against kennel cough. Most standard vaccination programs include vaccines for adenovirus and parainfluenza. The Bordetella vaccine is especially recommended for dogs that frequently interact with other dogs, such as those that are boarded, groomed, or visit dog parks. The Bordetella vaccine can be administered via injection, orally, or as nose drops, with the latter providing more rapid local immunity.
Effectiveness of Kennel Cough Vaccines
The immunity provided by vaccines, or even natural infection, is neither complete nor long-lasting. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a veterinarian for specific vaccination recommendations. Some kennel facilities may require booster vaccinations before boarding, and veterinarians may recommend booster shots every six months to maintain optimal protection.
Additional Considerations
In addition to vaccinations, good hygiene practices and reducing stress can help prevent kennel cough. Avoid exposing your dog to known risk factors such as crowded places and environments with poor air quality. Regular check-ups with your veterinarian can also ensure that your dog remains healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations.
Conclusion
Kennel cough is a common but preventable disease. Understanding its causes, recognizing the symptoms, and taking appropriate preventive measures can help keep your dog healthy and happy. Always consult with your veterinarian for the best practices in protecting your dog from this infectious disease.
Additional Sources
For more information on kennel cough and other canine respiratory diseases, you can visit:
- American Kennel Club
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Veterinary Partner
- PetMD
By staying informed and proactive, you can help ensure your dog’s well-being and reduce the risk of kennel cough in your community.
by Danielle Schermerhorn | Sep 18, 2024 | Blog, Medicine, Minnesota, Safety
Rabies is a deadly viral disease that targets the nervous system of mammals, including pets like dogs and cats, as well as humans. Once symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal, making it a critical public health concern that has persisted for thousands of years.
In July 2024, the Minnesota Board of Animal Health reported 32 rabies cases across the state, marking a sharp rise from the 20 cases recorded during the same period last year. This increase, primarily driven by rabid skunks, has been most pronounced in southwest and central Minnesota.
“This is a significant increase compared to other years,” said Minnesota Department of Health epidemiologist Carrie Klumb. “This is not a normal year.”
What is Rabies?
Rabies is caused by a virus from the Lyssavirus genus. The virus affects the central nervous system, leading to severe neurological symptoms and, eventually, death. It is present in many parts of the world, with the notable exceptions of Australia, Antarctica, and several island nations that have maintained strict quarantine measures to remain rabies-free.
Transmission of Rabies
The rabies virus is primarily transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal via bites. It can also be transmitted through scratches or open wounds exposed to the saliva of an infected animal. In North America, common sources of rabies include skunks, raccoons, foxes, and bats.
Incubation Period
The incubation period for rabies, which is the time between exposure to the virus and the appearance of symptoms, can vary widely. In dogs, this period typically ranges from two weeks to four months, but it can extend up to a year or more. In cats, the incubation period is generally shorter, from three to eight weeks. The length of the incubation period depends on factors such as the location and severity of the bite and the amount of virus introduced.
Clinical Signs of Rabies
Rabies progresses through several stages, starting with the prodromal phase, which involves behavioral changes. Quiet animals may become agitated, while active pets might become nervous or shy.
- Furious Rabies: This phase is characterized by extreme aggression, excitability, and the tendency to bite or chew objects. Dogs may exhibit pica (eating non-food items), and cats may show excessive drooling and muscle spasms that prevent swallowing.
- Dumb Rabies: More common in dogs, this form involves progressive paralysis starting in the limbs and moving to the facial muscles, leading to difficulty swallowing and a comatose state before death.
- Paralytic Stage: In cats, the third stage involves paralysis, leading to coma and death within ten days of symptom onset.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Rabies can only be definitively diagnosed post-mortem through the examination of brain tissue. There is no treatment for animals once symptoms have appeared. Therefore, prevention through vaccination is crucial.
Vaccination and Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing rabies. Some cities and states have rabies vaccination requirements for dogs and cats, regardless if they roam outdoors or stay indoors. Vaccination typically begins at three to four months of age, with booster shots administered according to veterinary guidelines.Â
Human Exposure and Prevention
Rabies is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. If you are bitten by an unvaccinated animal, immediate medical attention is essential. Washing the wound thoroughly and seeking prompt medical advice can prevent the virus from taking hold. For those exposed to rabies, a series of post-exposure vaccinations can prevent the onset of symptoms.
Resources for Further Information
For more information on rabies in dogs and cats, and how to protect your pets and yourself, consider the following resources:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Rabies
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Rabies
- American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) – Rabies
- RabiesAware.org
By staying informed and ensuring your pets are vaccinated, you can significantly reduce the risk of rabies and contribute to public health safety.
by Danielle Schermerhorn | Aug 28, 2024 | Blog, Medicine
Vaccinating your cat is a critical aspect of responsible pet ownership, ensuring your feline friend stays healthy and protected against various infectious diseases. Here, we will discuss the considerations of vaccinating cats, including the types of vaccines, vaccination schedules, potential risks, and the diseases they protect against.Â
Understanding the Types of VaccinesÂ
Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and combat specific microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria. Here are the three main types of vaccines used in cats:Â
- Modified Live Vaccines: These contain weakened or genetically modified organisms that do not cause disease but replicate in the cat’s body, providing strong, long-lasting immunity. They are not recommended for pregnant cats or those with compromised immune systems.Â
- Killed (Inactivated) Vaccines: These use organisms that have been killed. They often contain an adjuvant to enhance the immune response. While safer for cats with immune system issues, they may not offer as robust protection as live vaccines.Â
- Subunit Vaccines: These are also known as recombinant-DNA vaccines. They include only specific parts of the microorganism, making them safer but requiring more frequent administration.Â
Core and Non-Core VaccinesÂ
Core vaccines are recommended for all cats, while non-core vaccines are given based on the cat’s lifestyle and risk of exposure to certain diseases.Â
Core Vaccines:Â
- Feline Panleukopenia Virus: Protects against a highly contagious and often fatal disease causing severe gastroenteritis.Â
- Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FHV-1): Protects against a herpes virus causing respiratory infections.Â
- Feline Caliciviruses (FCV): Protects against a virus causing respiratory infections and oral disease.Â
- Rabies Virus: Essential for preventing a fatal disease that affects the nervous system and can spread to humans.Â
Non-Core Vaccines (administered based on risk):Â
- Chlamydophila felis: Protects against bacterial infection causing conjunctivitis and respiratory issues.Â
- Bordetella bronchiseptica: Protects against respiratory infections.Â
- Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): Recommended for kittens and adult cats with outdoor access.Â
Vaccination ScheduleÂ
Kittens: Initial vaccinations are usually given between 6-8 weeks of age, with boosters every 3-4 weeks until they are 16-20 weeks old. Kittens are not fully protected until 7-10 days after the last booster.Â
Adult Cats: Generally, a booster is given a year after the initial series, then every 1-3 years depending on the cat’s lifestyle and health status. Low-risk adult cats may only need core vaccines every three years.Â
Potential Risks of VaccinationÂ
While the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks, there are a few potential side effects:Â
- Mild reactions such as temporary loss of appetite or lethargy.Â
- Rare allergic reactions that may include difficulty breathing, vomiting, or diarrhea.Â
- Very rarely, cats may develop injection-site sarcomas, a type of soft tissue cancer.Â
Diseases Prevented by VaccinationÂ
Vaccinations protect against several critical diseases:Â
- Feline Panleukopenia (FPV): Causes severe gastroenteritis.Â
- Feline Upper Respiratory Infections (FHV-1 and FCV): Cause respiratory and ocular issues.Â
- Feline Chlamydiosis: Causes conjunctivitis and respiratory infections.Â
- Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): Leads to immune suppression and cancer.Â
- Rabies: A fatal disease affecting the nervous system, transmissible to humans.Â
- Bordetella: Causes respiratory infections.Â
ConclusionÂ
Vaccinating your cat is essential for preventing serious diseases and ensuring a long, healthy life. Discuss with your veterinarian to determine the best vaccination plan based on your cat’s health, lifestyle, and risk factors.Â
Additional SourcesÂ
American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) Vaccination Guidelines
LifeLearn Inc. © 2022, Vaccines for Cats​(Vaccines for Cats (1))Â
by Danielle Schermerhorn | Aug 26, 2024 | Blog, Medicine
As pet parents, we want nothing more than to see our furry friends happy, healthy, and full of life. However, just like humans, pets can experience pain, and often, they suffer in silence. Because they can’t tell us when something hurts, it’s our responsibility to recognize the signs and take action to ensure their comfort and well-being. September is Animal Pain Awareness Month, a time to raise awareness about the importance of understanding and managing pain in pets. This guide will walk you through five essential steps to help your pet live a pain-free life, highlighting why early detection and proactive care are crucial. By learning how to spot the signs of discomfort and knowing what steps to take, you can make a significant difference in your pet’s quality of life.
1. Keep an Eye on Behavior
Behavioral changes are often the most noticeable signs that your pet may be experiencing pain or discomfort. These changes can be subtle, like decreased activity or appetite, or more pronounced, such as limping, whining, or unusual aggression. By paying close attention to your pet’s daily habits, you’ll be better equipped to identify any shifts that could indicate an underlying issue. Early detection can make a significant difference in managing pain effectively.
2. Use Caution When Your Pet is in Pain
Even the most loving and gentle pets can become defensive or aggressive when they’re in pain. It’s essential to approach them with care to avoid causing them further discomfort or distress. Gently observe their reactions to being touched in different areas of their body, and if they show signs of discomfort, such as pulling away, growling, or snapping, it’s a clear indication that something might be wrong. Remember, this behavior is not a reflection of their personality but a response to pain.
3. Pill Popping Isn’t the Only Solution
While medication is a common and often necessary component of pain management, there are several alternative treatments that can complement or, in some cases, replace traditional painkillers. Acupuncture, laser therapy, physical therapy, and weight management are just a few options that can help alleviate your pet’s pain without relying solely on medication. These therapies can be particularly beneficial for chronic conditions like arthritis, where long-term medication use might not be ideal. Always discuss these options with your veterinarian to find the best approach for your pet.
4. Your Vet Can Always Check for Pain
Regular veterinary visits are crucial in maintaining your pet’s overall health, and during these visits, your vet will routinely check for signs of pain or discomfort. Vets are trained to detect even the most subtle indicators of pain, which might go unnoticed at home. Whether it’s through physical examination, blood tests, or imaging, your vet can identify potential issues early on, allowing for prompt and effective treatment.
5. There Are Some Easy Ways to Minimize Pain
As a responsible pet parent, you can take several steps to minimize your pet’s risk of pain and discomfort. Regular dental care, a balanced diet, and proper exercise are foundational aspects of your pet’s well-being. Dental issues, in particular, are a common source of pain that can be easily prevented with regular brushing and veterinary cleanings. Similarly, maintaining a healthy weight through proper nutrition and exercise can prevent a host of conditions, including joint pain and diabetes, that can lead to chronic pain. By proactively managing these aspects of your pet’s care, you can help them live a longer, pain-free life.
Why Animal Pain Awareness Month is Important
1. It Reminds Us to Look Out for Subtle Changes in Our Pets’ Behavior
Pets can’t tell us when they’re hurting, so it’s up to us to be vigilant and aware of any changes in their behavior. This awareness is the first step in recognizing and addressing pain early, which can make all the difference in your pet’s quality of life.
2. Proper Pain Management Now Helps Reduce Risks Later
Addressing pain promptly can prevent more serious health issues down the road. Chronic pain, if left unmanaged, can lead to other complications, such as reduced mobility, depression, and even systemic illnesses. Early and effective pain management not only improves your pet’s current comfort but also protects their long-term health.
3. It Highlights the Need for Having a Great Veterinarian
Establishing a strong relationship with a trusted veterinarian is crucial. Regular check-ups ensure that any signs of pain are caught early, and having a go-to vet means that when something does arise, you’re not scrambling to find someone who can help. A great vet will work with you to develop a comprehensive pain management plan tailored to your pet’s needs, ensuring they get the best possible care.
If you believe your pet is experiencing pain, schedule an appointment with a veterinarian at a Hometown Veterinary Partners hospital near you.
by Danielle Schermerhorn | Aug 3, 2024 | Medicine
Lyme disease is a significant health concern for dogs, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. This disease can lead to severe complications if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and prevention methods is crucial for every dog owner.
What is Lyme Disease?
Lyme disease is primarily transmitted by deer ticks, also known as black-legged ticks, prevalent in the Midwest, the eastern United States, and parts of Canada. These ticks carry the Lyme disease bacterium, which, once in the dog’s bloodstream, can travel to various parts of the body, often localizing in joints or kidneys (Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
Can Lyme Disease Affect Humans?
Yes, Lyme disease can also affect humans. However, humans do not get it directly from dogs but from the same ticks that transmit the disease to dogs. Therefore, preventing tick exposure is crucial for both dogs and their owners ​(Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
Clinical Signs of Lyme Disease in Dogs
Dogs with Lyme disease often exhibit a range of symptoms, including:
- Generalized pain and reluctance to eat.
- Walking as if they are in pain, often described as “walking on eggshells.”
- High fever.
- Sudden lameness that may shift from one leg to another.
In some cases, the disease can affect the kidneys, leading to symptoms like vomiting, lethargy, anorexia (loss of appetite), and weight loss. Kidney involvement is less common but can be fatal. Symptoms typically appear two to five months after infection, by which time the disease may be widespread​(Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing Lyme disease involves several steps. Veterinarians typically look for symptoms like lameness, swollen joints, and fever. Blood tests can confirm the presence of antibodies against the bacterium. However, these tests can sometimes give false negatives if performed too early or if antibody levels are too low. Additional tests like PCR, ELISA, joint fluid analysis, and general blood and urine tests can also be used to assess the infection and its impact on the kidneys​ (Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
Treatment
Lyme disease in dogs is treated with antibiotics, with doxycycline being the preferred choice. Treatment usually lasts for four weeks, though the infection can recur if the dog is bitten by another infected tick. It’s essential to complete the full course of antibiotics to ensure the bacterium is fully eradicated​(Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
Prevention
Preventing Lyme disease involves several strategies:
- Tick Control: Limiting your dog’s exposure to tick-infested areas, such as grassy, wooded, and sandy areas, is crucial. Keeping dogs on trails during walks can reduce the risk of tick bites.
- Tick Prevention Products: Various products can kill ticks and prevent disease transmission. These include topical treatments like Frontline Plus® and Bravecto®, as well as chewable options like Nexgard® and Simparica®. Consult your veterinarian to choose the best option for your dog​(Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
- Vaccination: Vaccinating your dog against Lyme disease is recommended if you live in or travel to areas where the disease is common. The vaccine is given initially in two doses, followed by annual boosters​(Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
Tick Removal
If you find a tick on your dog, it’s essential to remove it promptly and correctly. Use fine tweezers or a tick removal tool to grasp the tick close to the skin and pull it out steadily without twisting. This minimizes the risk of leaving mouthparts embedded in the skin, which can cause further infection. Always wear gloves or use a tissue to protect your hands and wash the area thoroughly after removal​(Lyme Disease in Dogs)​.
Conclusion
Lyme disease is a serious but preventable condition. By understanding the risks, symptoms, and preventive measures, dog owners can protect their pets from this debilitating disease. Regular veterinary check-ups, proper tick prevention, and prompt treatment are key to ensuring your dog’s health and well-being.
Additional Resources
For more information on Lyme disease and its prevention, consult resources from reputable veterinary organizations and health agencies, such as the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
By staying informed and proactive, you can ensure a healthy and happy life for your furry friend.
by Danielle Schermerhorn | Jul 24, 2024 | Medicine, Minnesota
Laser therapy doesn’t just look cool, it’s an effective and natural treatment for a variety of ailments for cats and dogs.
What is Laser Therapy?
Photobiomodulation (PBM) laser therapy, also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), uses specific wavelengths of light to stimulate cellular activity. This non-invasive treatment involves directing light energy to the tissues, where it is absorbed by the cells and converted into cellular energy. This process promotes healing, reduces inflammation, and provides pain relief.
How Does Laser Therapy Work?
PBM laser therapy works at the cellular level by:
- Stimulating Cellular Function: Light photons penetrate the skin and are absorbed by the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. This enhances the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell, promoting cellular repair and regeneration.
- Reducing Inflammation: The therapy modulates inflammatory pathways, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. This helps in controlling inflammation and associated pain.
- Enhancing Blood Flow: PBM therapy promotes vasodilation, which improves blood circulation. Increased blood flow brings more oxygen and nutrients to the affected area, accelerating the healing process.
- Relieving Pain: The therapy has an analgesic effect, reducing pain by decreasing nerve sensitivity and promoting the release of endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers.
Uses of Laser Therapy for Pets
PBM laser therapy is versatile and can be used to treat a wide range of conditions in pets, including:
- Arthritis: Reduces inflammation and pain, improves joint mobility.
- Soft Tissue Injuries: Accelerates the healing of muscle strains, ligament sprains, and tendon injuries.
- Post-Surgical Recovery: Promotes faster healing and reduces post-operative pain and inflammation.
- Chronic Pain: Manages pain associated with conditions like hip dysplasia and degenerative joint disease.
- Wound Healing: Enhances the healing of surgical incisions, cuts, abrasions, and burns.
- Neurological Conditions: Assists in the recovery of nerve injuries and conditions like intervertebral disc disease.
- Dental Issues: Aids in the treatment of gingivitis, stomatitis, and oral ulcers.
Benefits of Laser Therapy for Pets
PBM laser therapy offers numerous benefits for pets, including:
- Non-Invasive and Painless: The therapy is completely non-invasive and painless, making it suitable for pets of all ages and conditions.
- No Side Effects: Unlike medications, PBM therapy has no known side effects, making it a safe treatment option.
- Quick and Efficient: Treatment sessions are typically short, often lasting between 5 to 20 minutes, depending on the condition being treated.
- Enhances Quality of Life: By reducing pain and promoting healing, PBM therapy can significantly improve your pet’s quality of life, allowing them to enjoy their daily activities with more comfort and ease.
- Complementary Treatment: It can be used alongside other treatments, such as medications and physical therapy, to enhance overall treatment outcomes.
Protecting Your Dog’s Healthy Leg After a CCL Injury
When a dog injures one of their cranial cruciate ligaments (CCL), there’s a 30% to 50% chance the other CCL might also tear in the future. This risk is particularly high within the first few months to a year after the initial injury.
- To help protect the healthy leg and reduce the risk of a contralateral CCL tear, we recommend laser therapy as part of the treatment plan. Laser therapy can:
- Reduce Inflammation: Helps decrease swelling and discomfort in the compensatory leg.
- Enhance Healing: Promotes faster recovery by improving circulation and cellular repair.
- Prevent Further Damage: Supports the healthy leg in coping with the extra strain, potentially reducing the risk of future injury.
- By incorporating laser therapy into your dog’s treatment plan, you can help safeguard their overall joint health and increase their chances of a smoother recovery.
How to Get Laser Therapy for Your Pet
While PBM laser therapy is currently available at select locations, we are excited to bring this advanced treatment to more locations in the future. If you believe that your pet could benefit from photobiomodulation laser therapy, please
reach out to us.
At Hometown Veterinary Partners, we are committed to providing cutting-edge treatments and compassionate care to enhance the well-being of your pets. Stay tuned for more updates as we expand our services to better serve you and your pets.
